I have been learning Russian for over a year now – initially via a course and now on DuoLingo. Here are some observations.
Sometimes Russian is easier than English
Ты ответил на мой вопрос
You answered my question
Ты не ответил на мой вопрос
You did not answer my question
What’s this “did” nonsense in English?
Apples
DuoLingo really wants us to know how to talk about apples:
У меня есть яблоко
I have an apple
Ты хочешь яблоко?
Would you like an apple?
Я ем яблоко
I am eating an apple
Кошка ест яблоко
The cat is eating an apple
Mnemonics
I like the Russian word for “dogs” (plural), «собаки», because it is pronounced “so-backy” which is almost “so barky”
Обуться – to put on one’s shoes
Sounds like “a-boot-sa”
The name of the “soft sign” in Russian, «ь», is pronounced like “murky snack”.
The plural of bank (банк) in Russian sounds like “banky”: банки. (Don’t know why this helps me remember it’s not, e.g., банкы)
Курт в куртке
Kurt in a jacket
Formality:
Ты
You (informal)
Вы
You (formal)
Картошка
Potato (informal 😉 like “spud”)
Картофель
Potato (formal 😉 )
LOLs
The Russian quotation marks – «» – are called “little Christmas trees” (ёлочки).
The @ symbol is called «собака», “dog”.
Another great Russian word is «класс» which sounds like “class”. Conveniently it also seems to mean “class” in Norn Irish, in the sense of “That’s class.”
For an easy Russian song to sing, try this techno track by Russian artist (and fully qualified dentist) Nina Kraviz: “Ivan, Come On! Unlock The Box!” (Иван, давай! Открой коробку!)
Two infinitives you don’t want to confuse:
Писать (sounds like “piss-at”) is “to write”.
Писать (sounds like “peace-it”) is “to piss”.
Same spelling, different stress. I suppose the context helps distinguish, but it depends on the writer.
Ты любишь писать на ветру
You like to write in the wind
A more beautiful source of confusion:
Мой душ.
(My shower, душ is masculine)
Моя душа.
(My soul, душа is feminine)
The prepositional case of both душ and душа is the same: душе.
В душе музыка
(There is music in the shower/soul)
How to say, “I’m a novice” or “newcomer”: Я новичок. Same as a well-known nerve agent.
Length
Sometimes Russian words are shorter than their English equivalent: “about” in Russian is «о».
Sometimes they’re tricky:
“tourist attraction” is «Достопримечательность».
“Pet” is «домашнее животное» (literally, domestic animal).
Logic
Sometimes Russian is logical:
Завтра – tomorrow
Завтрак – breakfast
Would you [informal] like breakfast tomorrow?
Хочешь завтрак завтра?
And:
Сколько?
(How many?)
Не
(Not)
Glue them together:
Несколько (Several)
And:
четыре – four
четвертый – fourth
четверг – Thursday
пять – five
пятый – fifth
пятница – Friday
среди – in the middle of
среда – Wednesday
Or nearly…
два/две – two
второй – second
вторник – Tuesday
And:
Цвет (tsvet) – colour
Свет (svet) – light
Also… Chromatography was invented by Mikhail Tsvet (Михаил Цвет)
Gender
Past tense singular (except polite 2nd person) conjugations in Russian depend on gender, even 1st person:
Я танцевал
I [masc] danced
Я танцевала
I [fem] danced
Present tense fine:
Я танцую
I dance
Cute
Apparently it is very common to exclaim «блин!» in Russian, e.g., if you drop something or stub your toe. It means “pancake”.
Why would anyone say «немного» when the word «чуть-чуть» exists, sounds like “choot choot” and means the same (“a little”)?
Я только чуть-чуть говорю по-русски
I only speak a little Russian
More grammar
The verb “to be” is usually implicit in Russian present tense:
I am Andi
Я Энди (I Andi)
There’s no explicit verb “to have” in any tense. Instead you use an explicit… wait for it… “to be” with the preposition “by”:
I have a book
У меня есть книга
(By me is book)
Precision
Sometimes Russian is less ambiguous than English:
Он любит свою жену
He loves his wife
x loves x’s wife
Он любит его жену
He loves his wife
x loves y’s wife
x=y possible but x≠y implied
Balls
Football (game)
футбол
Ball
мяч
Football (ball for playing football)
футбольный мяч (Footbally ball?)
Initialisms
BBC is written «Би-би-си», like spelling it out as “bee-bee-sea”.
The Russian for USA, США, is pronounced like “se sha”. Which makes me wonder why the English isn’t “You-sa”, analagously to “Nato”.
Going
Она идёт на работу
She is going to work [on foot]
Она едет на работу
She is going to work [by some mode of transport like a bus]
Снег идёт
It’s snowing
Words I confuse
деревня – village
дерево – wood/tree
дверь – door
лошадь – horse
площадь – (town) square
Говорить – to speak
Готовить – to cook/prepare
Красивый – pretty
Красный – red
Я устал – I am tried (present tense), but with the «л» it looks like “I was tired” and is literally something like “I became tired (and stayed that way)”
The grammar of the void
В магазине не было чая
In the shop there was no tea
(Genitive – «не было» is always same, irrespective of gender of object because it’s referring to the gender of the void, is how I understand it; other explanations are available)
В магазине был чай
In the shop there was tea
(Nominative – «был» agrees with masc. «чай» and whatever else there actually is)
Cases
Here’s a glimpse of the mess:
Студент
Student (nominative singular)
Студенты
Students (nominative plural)
Много студентов
Many students (genitive plural)
Spacetime
длинный – long (space)
долгий – long (time)
это длинная колбаса
This is a long sausage
Это долго объяснять
This will take a long time to explain
Pronouns
I ran out of steam copy and pasting these; here are a few of them:
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person (masc.) | 3rd person (fem.) | 3rd person (neut.). | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | I, Me | You | He, Him | She, Her | It |
Nominative Case | Я | Ты | Он | Она | Оно |
Accusative Case | Меня | Тебя | Его | Её | Его |
Genitive Case | Меня | Тебя | Его | Её | Его |
Dative Case | Мне | Тебе | Ему | Ей | Ему |
Instrumental Case | Мной | Тобой | Им | Ей | Им |
Prepositional Case | Мне | Тебе | Нём | Ней | Нём |
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
---|---|---|---|
English | We, Us | You | They, Them |
Nominative Case | Мы | Вы | Они |
Accusative Case | Нас | Вас | Их |
Genitive Case | Нас | Вас | Их |
Dative Case | Нам | Вам | Им |
Instrumental Case | Нами | Вами | Ими |
Prepositional Case | Нас | Вас | Них |
1st Person | 2nd Person | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural | |
English | My, Mine | Your, Yours | ||||||
Nominative Case | Мой | Моя | Моё | Мои | Твой | Твоя | Твоё | Твои |
Accusative Case (animate) |
Мой Моего |
Мою | Моё | Мои Моих |
Твой Твоего |
Твою | Твоё | Твои Твоих |
Genitive Case | Моего | Моей | Моего | Моих | Твоего | Твоей | Твоего | Твоих |
Dative Case | Моему | Моей | Моему | Моим | Твоему | Твоей | Твоему | Твоим |
Instrumental Case | Моим | Моей | Моим | Моими | Твоим | Твоей | Твоим | Твоими |
Prepositional Case | Моём | Моей | Моём | Моих | Твоём | Твоей | Твоём | Твоих |
1st Person | 2nd Person | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural | |
English | Our | Your, Yours | ||||||
Nominative Case | Наш | Наша | Наше | Наши | Ваш | Ваша | Ваше | Ваши |
Accusative Case (animate) |
Наш Нашего |
Нашу | Наше | Наши Наших |
Ваш Вашего |
Вашу | Ваше | Ваши Ваших |
Genitive Case | Нашего | Нашей | Нашего | Наших | Вашего | Вашей | Вашего | Ваших |
Dative Case | Нашему | Нашей | Нашему | Нашим | Вашему | Вашей | Вашему | Вашим |
Instrumental Case | Нашим | Нашей | Нашим | Нашими | Вашим | Вашей | Вашим | Вашими |
Prepositional Case | Нашем | Нашей | Нашем | Наших | Вашем | Вашей | Вашем | Ваших |
English | Myself, himself, herself. |
Nominative Case | — |
Accusative Case | Себя |
Genitive Case | Себя |
Dative Case | Себе |
Instrumental Case | Себой |
Prepositional Case | Себе |
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | My own, his own, her own | |||
Nominative Case | Свой | Своя | Своё | Свои |
Accusative Case (animate) |
Свой Своего |
Свою | Своё | Свои Своих |
Genitive Case | Своего | Своей | Своего | Своих |
Dative Case | Своему | Своей | Своему | Своим |
Instrumental Case | Своим | Своей | Своим | Своими |
Prepositional Case | Своём | Своей | Своём | Своих |
That’s half-way down the page over here.